Phonograph preamplifier network with infrasonic cutoff response

ABSTRACT

A phonograph preamplifier network with infrasonic cutoff response. The preamplifier network is an active filter configuration with a high gain, high input impedance differential amplifier provided with an RIAA equalization feedback filter network coupled between the amplifier output and inverting input. An RC filter network is coupled between the inverting amplifier input and ground potential to provide a single, low frequency real axis pole. In addition, an input filter feedback network is coupled between the preamplifier input terminal and the non-inverting input of the amplifier, and further bootstrapped to the amplifier inverting input. The network provides a pair of low frequency off-axis complex poles. The RC filter and the input filter feedback networks are adapted to control the infrasonic frequency response of the active filter preamplifier network so that the preamplifier network is characterized by an 18 dB per octave roll-off response at frequencies below a predetermined infrasonic frequency, and a relatively flat response at frequencies in a range adjoining and above that infrasonic frequency.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention relates to the field of audio reproduction systems and, more particularly, to high fidelity phonograph preamplifier networks.

The normally quoted specifications of a phonograph preamplifier network, such as frequency response, noise and distortion, are of limited utility in determining how a preamplifier will sound to a listener. This is due to a variety of factors, including (1 ) to inability of conventional test measurements to measure performance under transient conditions, (2 ) the failure of performance test results to be weighted for subjective human perception or annoyance values, and (3 ) the effect of out-of-the-audio-passband signals on in-band performance due to inter-modulation in the preamplifier or other portions of the system.

Typically, analytical performance measuring techniques are based on gross simplifications of the actual conditions under which a preamplifier operates. Accordingly, the resultant measurements bear a relatively low correlation with the critical listening experience.

Often, subjective listening test comparisons are the most effective techniques of evaluating preamplifier performance. Of course, in such comparisons, normal use conditions must be established for the systems under test, e.g. the cartridge must be properly loaded, both resistively and capacitively, for each preamplifier under test, and preamplifier gains of the comparison tests must be very accurately matched, often to within a fraction of a decibel. In addition, grounding and shielding in test configurations must be done with great care since the preamplifier outputs must be physically close to the inputs in order to permit switching back and forth for comparative listening. Under such conditions, double blind listening tests have proven to be quite effective in providing comparative evaluations of preamplifier networks.

Such listener tests demonstrate that an important area of preamplifier performance is the infrasonic response, i.e. in the 1- 20 Hz range. At such frequencies, there are substantial detectable effects due to the driving of loudspeaker systems well below their nominal cutoff frequency, i.e. where the cone is essentially unloaded (especially with vented-box loudspeakers), and due to the cartridge-caused overload and intermodulation in tape machines and power amplifiers.

A particular source of the infrasonic response problem is the characteristic peaking of warp-caused distortion in phonograph records at frequencies on the order of 4 Hz. With typical tone arms and typical cartridges used in high fidelity phonographs, the tone arm and cartridge form a resonant system with a moderately high Q and a peak at frequencies between 4 and 8 Hz. As a result, there appears in many systems a relatively high degree of infrasonic noise at frequencies in this range. This problem has been recognized to some extent in the prior art with the typical approach solution being the selective damping of the tone-arm-cartridge resonant system. Systems utilizing this relatively limited effectiveness solution fall short of desired performance characteristics.

A further problem with the prior art systems is based on the high frequency interaction of the preamplifier input impedance with the source impedance provided by the cartridge. It has recently been recognized in this context that the cartridge impedance includes a generally overlooked component, i.e. the sum of frequency-dependent resistive losses due to eddy current and hysteresis losses associated with coil in the cartridge. This high frequency interaction problem was not significant in vacuum preamplifiers, due to their characteristic input capacitance and resistance, and consequently, there has been little if any preamplifier development directed to eliminating interaction of the cartridge source impedance with that of the preamplifier input stages and interconnecting cable. Typically, cartridge specifications state the "proper" load to insure response to the specifications, yet rarely if ever are the impedances of cables or preamplifier inputs specified completely. The so-called proper load is defined in terms of fixed resistive and capacitive values, for example, a cartridge terminating resistance is specified to be 47 Kohm at the input to a preamplifier buffer. Comparative listening tests indicate that such a termination does provide satisfactory RIAA equalization. However, in the system environment, there may be a substantial capacitive effect at the preamplifier input. With such a resistive and capacitive termination, there is a substantial interaction effect with the cartridge. The failure to effectively consider the frequency dependencies of the cartridge source impedance result in significant degradation factor in the prior art phonograph systems.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a high fidelity phonograph preamplifier network characterized by a substantial infrasonic cutoff response.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a high fidelity phonograph preamplifier network characterized by relatively low high frequency interaction between the preamplifier input and cartridge.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly, the present invention provides a network topology characterized by a substantial infrasonic response cutoff and relatively little high-frequency interaction between the preamplifier input stage and a coupled magnetic cartridge. Further, the preamplifier network of the present invention provides a relatively high gain input stage in order to insure low noise performance.

The preamplifier network is an active filter configuration with a high gain, high input impedance differential amplifier provided with an RIAA equalization feedback filter network coupled between the amplifier output and inverting input. An RC filter network is coupled between the inverting amplifier input and ground potential to provide a single, low frequency real axis pole. In addition, an input filter feedback network is coupled between the preamplifier input terminal and the non-inverting input of the amplifier, and further bootstrapped to the amplifier inverting input. The network provides a pair of low frequency off-axis complex poles. The RC filter and the input filter feedback networks are adapted to control the infrasonic frequency response of the active filter preamplifier network so that the preamplifier network is characterized by an 18 dB per octave roll-off response at frequencies below a predetermined infrasonic frequency, and a relatively flat response at frequencies in a range adjoining and above that infrasonic frequency. In addition, the RC filter, input filter and equalization networks are adapted to be relatively non-interacting with cartridge source impedances at the high end of the audio spectrum, i.e. on the order of 20,000 Hz.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects of this invention, the various features thereof, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description, when read together with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows, in schematic form, a preamplifier network in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 2 shows, in schematic form, an amplifier for use in the network of FIG. 1.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 shows an audio signal preamplifier network 5 in accordance with the present invention. That network includes a high gain differential amplifier 10 having a non-inverting input terminal 12, an inverting input terminal 14 and an output terminal 16. The terminal 16 serves in this embodiment as the output terminal for the preamplifier network 5. An equalization feedback network 20 is coupled between the amplifier output terminal 16 and the inverting input terminal 14. As shown, the equalization network 20 is a conventional RIAA network including resistors R5, R6 and capacitors C4 and C5.

Network 5 further includes an RC filter network 22, including a resistor R1 and capacitor C1, coupled between the inverting input terminal 14 and a reference (ground) potential. An input filter feedback network 24 is coupled between the input terminal 26 of preamplifier 5 and the non-inverting input terminal 12 of amplifier 10. The network 24 includes capacitors C2 and C3 connected in series between terminals 26 and 12, resistor R3 coupled between terminal 12 and ground potential, resistor R2 coupled between terminal 26 and ground potential, and resistor R4 coupled between terminal 14 and the junction between capacitors C2 and C3.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary circuit configuration for the amplifier 10. In that figure, transistors Q1 and Q2 form a bipolar, emitter-coupled differential amplifier, with the transistor Q1 being current source loading by transistor Q3 and the bias network provided by resistors R8, R9 and R10. Transistor Q4 provides an output signal at terminal 16.

By way of example, the component values specified in Table 1 may be utilized in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         R1 - 1.8K ohms                                                                           R7 - 100K ohms                                                                             C1 - 5.6  uf  Q1 - TIS97                                 R2 - 100K ohms                                                                           R8 - 1.2K ohms                                                                             C2 - .1   uf  Q2 - TIS97                                 R3 - 91K ohms                                                                            R9 - 15K ohms                                                                              C3 - .1   uf  Q3 - 2N5087                                R4 - 43K ohms                                                                            R10- 6.8K ohms                                                                             C4 - .0027                                                                               uf  Q4 - MPSA65                                R5 - 1.2M ohms                                                                           R11- 150 ohms                                                                              C5 - 750  pf                                             R6 - 100K ohms                                                                           R12- 1.5K ohms                                                       ______________________________________                                    

In alternative embodiments, the values for the various components may be selected by first establishing the gain for the preamplifier, Z_(F) +Z_(I) /Z_(I), where Z_(F) is the impedance of the equalization feedback network 20, and Z_(I) is the impedance of the RC filter network 22. In this step, for a selected R1, the value for C1 is selected so that the product R1 C1 approximately equals the product 1/2 π f, where f is the desired infrasonic cutoff frequency e.g R1C1 =0.01 seconds to establish a real axis pole at 16 Hz). Then R5, R6, C4 and C5 values may be selected to provide RIAA equalization at the desired midband gain.

The resistors R2 and R3 are selected so that R2R3/(R2+R3) is substantially equal to the specified cartridge load impedance, e.g. 47 K ohms for typical cartridges.

Then, the values for R4, C2 and C3 are selected so that R4 is much greater than R1, and the input filter network 24 provides a pair of off-axis poles slightly above the desired infrasonic cutoff frequency (e.g. where R1C1=0.01 seconds, and C2= C3, then the product R4C2= 4.3 milliseconds to establish a pair of off-axis poles at approximately 20 Hz).

With the network topology of the present invention, the preamplifier network 5 provides an input stage characterized by relatively low noise and high gain. In addition, this input stage provides relatively good isolation between the feedback loop and preamplifier input, contributing to the non-interaction of the preamplifier network and the cartridge source impedance. With the differential configuration, the feedback loop provides a high frequency loading characteristic such that the preamplifier is characterized by high slewing performance.

In the illustrated embodiment, the current source loading on the input stage produces relatively high stage gain, yielding large open loop-gain. This large open-loop gain provides a relatively large closed-loop RIAA feedback, maintaining the input impedance relatively high and the distortion low. The preamplifier network 5 has no measurable cartridge inductance interaction, and distortion at 7 volts output at 1 kHZ is less than 0.04 % and consists of second and third harmonics (therefore being inaudible). The distortion decreases monotonically at lower levels.

The input filter network 24 is bootstrapped from the feedback input of the preamplifier to provide a complex pole pair which cooperatively interacts with the real axis pole produced by C1 and R1 of RC filter network 22 to yield an 18 dB per octave pass characteristic.

The performance characteristics of preamplifier network 5, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 with the component values from Table I, is shown in Table II.

                  TABLE II                                                         ______________________________________                                         A. Frequency response                                                          1.  Voltage source, audio passband                                                                      ±0.5 dB, 25 Hz - 20 kHz                            2.  Infrasonic response  -1 dB, 20 Hz                                                                   -3 dB, 15 1/2 Hz                                                               -12 dB, 10 Hz                                                                  -21 dB, 7 Hz                                                                   -35 dB, 4 Hz                                          3.  Cartridge impedance interaction                                                (high-inductance cartridge,                                                    20 Hz - 20 kHz)      less than ±0.2 dB                                  B. Noise                                                                       1.  Referenced to 10 mV rms,                                                       1 kHz input, ANSI "A"                                                          weighted; cartridge source                                                                          -82 dB                                                2.  Short-circuited input,                                                         ANSI "A" weighted    -86 dB                                                C. Total harmonic distortion                                                   1.  1 kHz, 7 V rms output                                                                               0.04%                                                 2.  20 kHz, 5.6 V rms output                                                                            0.04%                                                 3.  20 Hz, 7 V rms output                                                                               0.06%                                                  Note: Harmonic distortion decreases monotonically at lower output levels.      Distortion products are a mixture of second and third harmonics.         

    D. Intermodulation distortion                                                  1.  In using SMPTE method of 60 Hz                                                 and 7 kHz tones mixed 4:1 and                                                  preemphasized by RIAA record                                                   function                                                                       Measured at 6 V rms composite                                                  output level         0.05%                                                     Measured at 1 V rms composite                                                  output level         0.008%                                                2.  Difference tone inter-                                                         modulation using 13.0- and                                                     13.1-kHz tones at a composite                                                  level of 40 mV rms   less than 0.016%                                      E. Preemphasized square-wave input                                             even-order distortion products,                                                1 kHz                                                                          1.  Voltage at input of device                                                     19 mV rms, 600 mV peak; worst                                                  case even harmonic level                                                                            -75 dB, 2nd harmonic                                  2.  Average of all even harmonics                                                  in passband          -78 dB                                                F. Sine-wave input overload, 1 kHz                                                                  100 mV rms                                                G. Slew rate                                                                   Measured slew rate at output with                                              preemphasized square-wave input                                                                     Over 7 V/μs,                                                                instrumentation limited                                   ______________________________________                                    

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. 

I claim:
 1. An audio signal preamplifier network having a preamplifier input terminal for coupling to a magnetic phonograph cartridge, and having a preamplifier output terminal, comprising:A. a high gain amplifier having inverting and non-inverting input terminals and an output terminal, said input terminals being characterized by relatively high impedance, and said amplifier output terminal being coupled to said preamplifier output terminal, B. equalization feedback network coupled between said amplifier output terminal and said inverting terminal, C. an RC filter network characterized by a single real axis pole and including a first resistor, R1, and first capacitor, C1, coupled in series between said inverting input terminal and a reference potential, D. an input filter feedback network characterized by a pair of off-axis complex poles, and including second and third capacitors, C2 and C3, respectively, coupled in series between said preamplifier input terminal and said non-inverting input, a second resistor, R2, coupled between said preamplifier input terminal and said reference potential, a third resistor, R3, coupled between said non-inverting terminal and said reference potential, and a fourth resistor, R4, coupled between said inverting terminal and the junction between said second and third capacitors,wherein said RC filter and input filter feedback networks are adapted to control the infrasonic frequency response of said preamplifier network whereby said preamplifier network is characterized by an 18 dB per octave roll-off response at frequencies below a predetermined infrasonic frequency and a relatively flat response at frequencies in a predetermined range adjoining and above said predetermined infrasonic frequency.
 2. A preamplifier network according to claim 1 wherein:said equalization feedback network comprises a first parallel connected resistor (R5) and capacitor (C4) network and a second parallel connected resistor (R6) and capacitor (C5) network coupled in series between said inverting terminal and said amplifier output terminal, and wherein further: i. the product R1C1 substantially equals 1/2 π f, where f equals said predetermined infrasonic frequency, ii. the mid-band gain of said preamplifier network, (Z_(f) + Z_(I))/Z.sub. I, substantially equals a predetermined value, where Z_(F) equals the impedance of said equalization feedback network, and Z_(I) equals the impedance of said RC filter network, iii. the product R2R3/(R2+R3) substantially equals a predetermined value, iv. R4 is relatively large compared to R1, and v. R4, C2 and C3 establish said off-axis poles at a frequency relatively close to and above said predetermined infrasonic frequency.
 3. A preamplifier network according to claim 1 wherein said amplifier is a differential bipolar, emitter-coupled amplifying network.
 4. A preamplifier network according to claim 3 wherein the input stage of said differential amplifying network is current source loaded.
 5. A preamplifier network according to claim 4 wherein:said equalization feedback network comprises a first parallel connected resistor (R5) and capacitor (C4) network and a second parallel connected resistor (R6) and capacitor (C5) network coupled in series between said inverting terminal and said amplifier output terminal, and wherein further: i. the product R1C1 substantially equals 1/2 π f, where f equals said predetermined infrasonic frequency, ii. the mid-band gain of said preamplifier network, (Z_(f) + Z_(I))/z_(I), substantially equals a predetermined value, where Z_(F) equals the impedance of said equalization feedback network, and Z_(I) equals the impedance of said RC filter network, iii. the product R2R3/(R2+ R3) substantially equals a predetermined value, iv. R4 is relatively large compared to R1, and v. R4, C2 and C3 establish said off-axis poles at a frequency relatively close to and above said predetermined infrasonic frequency.
 6. A preamplifier network according to claim 3 wherein:said equalization feedback network comprises a first parallel connected resistor (R5) and capacitor (C4) network and a second parallel connected resistor (R6) and capacitor (C5) network coupled in series between said inverting terminal and said amplifier output terminal, and wherein further: i. the product R1C1 substantially equals 1/2 π f, where f equals said predetermined infrasonic frequency, ii. the mid-band gain of said preamplifier network, (Z_(F) +Z_(I) )/Z.sub. I , substantially equals a predetermined value, where Z_(F) equals the impedance of said equalization feedback network, and Z_(I) equals the impedance of said RC filter network, iii. the product R2R3/(R2+ R3) substantially equals a predetermined value, iv. R4 is relatively large compared to R1, and v. R4, C2 and C3 establish said off-axis poles at a frequency relatively close to and above said predetermined infrasonic frequency. 